The History of Crusade

Causes of Occurrence of the Crusades

A number of military expeditions launched by Christian parties against Muslim forces in the period 1096 - 2073 AD known as a crusade. This is due to a suspicion that the Christian side in attack was driven by religious motivation, except that they use the symbol of the cross. However, if observed over mehdalam will be seen that some individual interests that foreshadowed this crusade. Here are some of the causes that also lies behind the crusade.

First, that the crusade was the culmination of a number of conflicts between the west and east of the country, he explained between the Christian and Muslim parties. The development and progress of Muslim Ummah is very rapid, in recent years, causing anxiety western Christian leaders. Encouraged by this anxiety, they launched an offensive against Muslim forces.
Second, the emergence of forces that won the Children Seljuq Asia Minor after the defeat Byzantine army at Manzikart in 1071, and subsequently seized Seljuq Baitul Maqdis from the hands of the Fatimid dynasty in 1078 AD Seljuq power in Asia Minor and Jerusalem is considered as an obstacle to the Christian West to perform pilgrimage to the Bait al-Maqdis. when what happens is that the Christian parties are free only perform the pilgrimage in droves. Christians are spreading rumors Seljuq Turkish abuses against Christian pilgrims. The rumors are burning anger Christians-European.
Third, that since the tenth century Muslim forces became the ruler of the sea trade routes in the middle. The merchants of Pisa, Vinesia, and Cenoa annoyed at the presence of Islam as a ruling force in the sea trade routes middle of this. The only way to expand and streamline their trade is to urge Muslims strength of this ocean "
Fourth, the propaganda of Alexius Comnenus to) wear Urban II. To avenge his defeat in the war against the Seljuq troops. That the pope is the supreme source of authority in the west who heard and obeyed its propaganda. Pope Urban II immediately rnengumpulkan Christian leaders on 26 November 1095 at Clermont, southeast France. In his speech at Clermont the Pope instructed the followers of Christianity to take up arms against the troops of the season.
The main purpose of the Pope at that time was expanding its influence so that the Roman church would take shelter under his authority. In its propaganda, the Pope Urban II promised forgiveness of sins for those who are willing to join in this battle. So the issue of Christian unity echoed immediately unite Christian countries meet the Pope's call was. In a short time about 150,000 Christian army in droves to meet seruangsang Pope, they gathered in Constantinople. Most of these troops are a nation of France and the Normans. 

Crusade that took place within a period of nearly two centuries, between the years 1095 - 1291 AD, occurs in a series of battles.

 First Crusade

In the year 490 AD H/1096 a cross forces led by the commander of Walter can be subjugated by the Christian forces of Bulgaria. Then Peter who mengkomandoi second group crusaders moved through Hungary and Bulgaria. The troops managed to destroy every power that way. A sovereign country Nice to deal with even the most successful leader of the cross is pleased to embrace Islam and most of their troops were killed in this war.
A year later ie in the year 491 AD H/1097 Christian forces under the commander Coldfrey move from Constantinople across the Bosporus strait and conquered Antioch (Antakia) after besieged for 9 months. In this siege crusaders do without prikemanusiaan brutally massacres.
After successfully beat Antioch, troops moved into Ma'arrat cross al-Nu 'man, a most magnificent city in Syria. In this city Crusaders also carry out the slaughter of thousands of people. Crusaders then headed to Jerusalem and to conquer it with ease. Thousands of people muslirn become sacrificial slaughter in the conquest of the city this Yerusalern. "Piles of heads, hands and feet in all directions there are streets and sudur city." History has witnessed a terrible human tragedy. Goldfrey subsequently served as the ruler of the land of Jerusalem. He is a capable ruler, and the commander of a vibrant and aggressive.
In the year 503 AD H/1109, crusaders conquer Tripoli. They massacred people in addition to Tripoli also burned libraries, universities and industrial facilities turned to ashes.
During an attack on top, Seljuq empire was in decline. Disputes between the Seljuq sultans facilitate cross forces seized the territories of Islamic rule. In conditions like this comes a sultan of Damascus named Muhammad who tried to ignore internal conflict and raise the unity and strength to drive out troops Seljuq cross. Baldwin, the ruler of Jerusalem Goldfrey replacement, can be defeated by the Seljuq troops when he was attacking the city of Damascus. Baldwin may soon regain the territories which came out after the troops from European aid.
After the death of Sultan Mahmud, arose an officer muslirn a capable and gallant brave. He is Imaduddin Zangki, a son of Sultan Malik Shah pejabattinggi. Top skills, he accepted the trust to rule over the city of Wasit from the Sultan Mahmud. Later the ruler of Mosul and Mesopotamia also sheltering him. He received his Attabek from the caliph in Baghdad. He has devoted his ability in an effort to restore the Seljuq government forces and preparing military forces, before he devoted himself in the midst of battle cross.
Community Aleppo and Hammah who suffered under the rule of troop cross was saved by Imaduddin Zangki after successfully defeating crusaders. The following year he also managed to repel the forces of al-Asyarib cross. One by one Zangki victory over forces of the cross, until he seized the territory of Edessa in 539 AD H/1144 In the meantime, the Romans established a joint force with the French troops attacked Buzza. They catch and kill perernpuan and children innocent. From there they launch attacks into Caesarea. Rulers of this country namely Abu Asaker nneminta assistance Zangki Imaduddin troops. Zangki immediately mobilized his troops and he managed to expel the French and Roman shamefully. The border region in Accra successfully raided to surrender, so the city Balbek soon conquered, for the subsequent occupation of the city was entrusted to the commander Balbek Najamuddin, Salahuddin's father.
Zangki Edesa Conquest is the greatest success. By Christians of Edessa is the city that termulya, hence the city is used as a center satisfaction. In the conquest of Edessa, Zangki not apply harsh measures against the population as crusaders. No one felt the sharp blade Zangki, except crusaders who were fighting mostly French troops.
In the course of the conquest of Kalat Jabir, Zangki killed by the army itself. During this Zangki is a true patriot who had fought to defend their homeland. For him, "saddle the horse more comfortable and more beloved than the mattress silk, and also voices the hustle and bustle in the field of battle sounds more melodic and more beloved than the music."
Leadership Imaduddin Zangki replaced by his son named Nur al-Din Mahmud. He is not only a skilled warrior, as well as legal experts, and also a research scientist. At that time the Christians of Edessa with the help of French troops relented herhasil Muslim troops stationed in this city and sekal i gus i membanta it. N uruddi n soon deploy troops to Edessa and took them back Edessa number of forces and the traitors punished with the sword, while the Armenians were allied with the crusaders were driven abroad Edesa.

Second Crusade

With the fall of the city back by force Edesa Muslim, Christian leaders with anxiety-stricken Europe. St. Bernard immediately return calls for crusade against the Muslim forces. The call is open the second crusade movement in European history. Some European authorities respond to this holy war cry poiitif. German Emperor Conrad III named, and the emperor named Louis VII of France to deploy troops immediately keAsia. However both these paiukan iapat destroyed while it is on the way to Syria. With a number of their remaining troops trying to reach Antioch, and from their side heading to Damascus.
Siege of Damascus has lasted several days, when Nur al-Din arrived in this city. Because pressured by the forces Nur al-Din, the cross forces immediately fled to Palestine, while Conrad III and Louis VII returned to Europe empty-handed. Thus the second round beiakhirlah crusade.
Nuruddin rnulai soon play a new role as the conqueror. Not long after defeating the forces of the cross, he managed rnenduduki Xareirna fort, seize the border region H/1149 Apamea in the year 544 AD, and Joscelin city. In short, important cities crusaders successfully mastered. He immediately welcomed the society request Damascus Damascus in the struggle against the oppressive rulers. The success of Nur al-Din conquered Damascus koia make the caliph in Baghdad brerkenan rnemberinya honors "al-Malik al-Adil".
At that time Egypt was hit by internal strife Fatimid dynasty. Shawar, a prime minister of the Fatimids., Removed from office by a secret movement. Nur al-Din sent his troops under the command of commander Syirkuh. But it was precisely to combat Syirkuh Shawar thanks to the help of French troops to succeed rnenduduki Egypt.
In the year 563 AD H/1167 Syirkuh trying to come back to Egypt. Shawar rneminta immediately help the king of Jerusalem named Amauri. Combined forces Shawar absolutely and Amauri conquered by troops in the war on Balbain Syirkuh. Between them there talks that gave birth to some agreement: that Syirkuh willing to return to Damascus in return for 50,000 gold pieces, Amauri should withdraw its troops from Egypt. However, Amauri is not willing to leave Cairo, so the agreement is canceled automatically. In fact, they oppress the people.
At the request of the caliph of Egypt commanded by Nur al-Din Syirkuh to immediately go to Egypt. Egyptian society and the warm welcome the arrival Syirkuh caliph and his army, and finally Syirkuh appointed as prime minister. Two months after this subjugation, Syirkuh died, his position was replaced by his nephew named Salahuddin. When the political conditions of the Fatimid dynasty weakened, Salahuddin al-Ayyubi immediately restore the authority of the Abbasid Caliph in Egypt, and after the Fatimid dynasty destroyed Salahuddin became the ruler of Egypt (570-590 H/1174-1193 M).
Salahuddin, Najamuddin Ayyub's son, born in Takrit in the year 432 AD H/1137 His father is a trust officer at the time of the Nur al-Din and Imad Zangki. Salahuddin was a lieutenant in the Nur al-Din, and has managed to consolidate society of Egypt, Nubia, Hijaz and Yemen.
Sultan Nur ad-Din Malik Shah who replaces the old king is still young, so that the chiefs were all fighting the influence causing internal poiitik crisis. These conditions make it easier for troops cross to attack Damascus and menundukkannya. After a long struggle to secure Damascus Salahuddin arose from the occupation forces of the cross.
Because sedition Gumusytag, the young sultan Malik Shah Salahuddin put this anger against the attitude that caused the conflict between the two. Sultan Malik Shah Alleppo incite people to war against Salahuddin. Power of Malik Shah in Alleppo Salahuddin was defeated by troops. Merasa.tidak there are other options, Sultan Malik Shah rneminta assistance crusaders. Since the victory against the crusaders in Aleppo this, it opened the way for the task and struggle lernpang Salahuddin in the future until he managed to reach the position of the sultan. Since 575H/1182M, Seljuq empire in central Salahuddin acknowledged position as sultan of the entire West Asian region.
Meanwhile, Baldwin III, replacing the position of his father, Amaury. Baldwin III of betraying the truce agreement between the forces of Muslim-Christian with the Crusaders. Even in the year 86 AD 582H/11 Kara region ruler named Reginald conduct raids against Muslim tribes who are crossing the castle defenses. Salahuddin soon deploy troops under the command of Ali for Kara and subsequently laid siege to the Galilee to face the French troops. On July 3, 1187 AD the two armies fought in the area of ​​Hittin, where the Christian forces suffered defeat. Thousands of troops were killed, while their military leaders captive. Sultan Salahuddin Tiberian subsequently seized the fortress defense. City of Acre, Naplus, Jericho, Ramla, Caesarea, Asrul Jaffra, Beyrut, and a number of other cities fall one by one Sultan Salahuddin dalanr power.
Next Salahudin focus to attack Jerusalem, where thousands of Muslims were massacred by troops of the Cross-Christian. After approaching the city, Salahuddin immediately convey a command for all Christians of Jerusalem, the Crusaders gave up. The order was completely ignored, so that Salahuddin vowed to take revenge for the massacre thousands of Muslims. After several larna the siege, army combat cross discouraged and begged the sultan's generosity. The soul of the sultan was too gentle and compassionate to carry out his oath and his revenge, so he forgave them. The Romans and citizens of Syrian-Christian given life and allowed to live in Jerusalem with the rights of citizens in full. French nation and the nations of Latin given the right to leave the Palestinians to pay a ransom 10 dinars per adult, and 1 dinar for every child. If they are unwilling to serve as slaves. But such rules are not applied by the sultan is stiff. Salahuddin is pleased to release thousands of prisoners without ransom dime, he even issued his own fortune to menrbantu redeem some captives. Salahuddin also distributed alms to the thousands of Christian communities of the poor and weak as they journey home. He realized how the Cross-Christian forces had massacred thousands of innocent Muslim rnasyarakat, her voice soft but do not have the heart to wreak vengeance against the Christian army.
On the other hand Salahuddin also foster ties of brotherhood between Christians with Muslims, by giving the rights of Christian citizens exactly the same as the rights of Muslim citizens of Jerusalem. Salahuddin attitude so this makes Christians in other countries eager to stay in the territory of the sovereign power of this. "Number of Christians who left Jerusalem to Antioch rejected and even reviled by the king Bahemond. They then headed to the Arab country where their arrival was welcomed, "said Mill. Treatment of both Muslim troops against Christians is really no equal in the history of the world. Whereas previously, the Cross-Christian forces have committed cruel, torturing and hurting Muslims.

Third Crusade

The fall of Jerusalem in Salahuddin power caused great concern among Christian leaders. The entire ruling Christian countries in Europe trying to move the troops cross again. Thousands of Christian forces in droves to Tyre to restore the prestige of their power struggle that has been lost. Welcoming the call of the church, the German emperor named Frederick Barbarosa, Philip August, emperor of France named Richard, a combination magnifying rnembentuk Christian crusaders. In this case a French historian states that either mobilize all its forces and army ground forces lar.rtnya. Even Christian women took part in this war. After all the cross power gather in Tyre, they move immediately besieged Acre.
Salahuddin immediately formulate a strategy to confront the troops cross. He set a strategy to survive in the country by ignoring the advice of the Amir to do defense outside the territory of Acre. "So Salahuddin took the attitude that is not quite right with his own eyes decide '" said one historian. So Salahuddin must necessarily fight to save its territory after the French troops arrived in Acre.
On 14 September 1189 M. Salahuddin pressured by the forces of the cross, but his nephew named Taqiyuddin managed to repel the forces of the cross from its position and restore relations with Acre. In this case of Ibn al-Athir states, "Muslim troops must continue the war until the evening so they managed to reach the target of attack. But after pressing half the power of France, the Muslim army returned attenuated the next day.
City of Acre back besieged for almost two years. Although rnuslim troops facing difficult situation during this siege, but they were not discouraged. Any Muslim forces increasingly defensive effort did not bring results, even they feel frustrated when Richard and Philip August arrived with troops cross the mighty power of big. Sultan Salahuddin felt exhausted face of this war, while the Muslim forces hit by outbreaks of disease and starvation. Masytub, a commander Salauhuddin finally at peace with the willingness to bid on some of the requirements as has ever given to the Christian army during the conquest of Jerusalem first. But the king who knew no reciprocation is not giving the slightest compassion for the Muslim Ummah. He muslirn troops brutally massacred.
After successfully subjugate Acre, Ascalon troops moving toward the cross led by General Richard. Along with that Salahuddin was directing operations troops and arrived in fucalon I e6l h awil. When she arrived in Ascalon, Richard get the city has been occupied by troops Salahuddin. Feeling helpless encircle this city, Richard sent a delegation of peace overlooking Salahuddin. After the ongoing critical debate, the sultan finally willing menerirna the peace bid. "Among the Muslims and the forces that cross the territory from the two sides do not rnenyerang and ensure the safety of each, and that citizens of both parties to each other out into other areas without, any disturbance." So the peace agreement that produced an agreement on a crusade to end the third.
After the departure of General Richard, Salahuddin still stayed in Jerusalem in a while. He later returned to Damascus to spend the rest of his life. A long journey this disturbing health sultans and finally he died six months after peace is achieved, namely in the year 1193 AD One writer said, "Today Salahuddin's death is a tragedy for the Islamic ummah and Islam, there is really not that hit their grief after the death of four caliphs pertarna exceeding sorrow for the death of Sultan Salahuddin".
Salahuddin is not just a soldier, he was also an adept in the field of education and knowledge. Various authors working in the palace "the famous author among them is Imaduddin, is a famous judge is al-Hakkari. Sultan Salahuddin established various educational institutions such as madrasas, colleges, and also established a number of hospitals in his realm.

Fourth Crusade

Two years after the death raged Salahuddin fourth crusade initiated by Pope Celestine III. But the real war between Muslims and Christian army troops have ended with the age of the third crusade. So the next war is not widely known. In the year 1195 AD beat crusaders Sicily, then there is double attack against Syria. This Christian troops landed on the beach Phoenecia and occupied Beirut. Children named Salahuddin al-Adil immediately rnenghalau crusaders. He then attacked the town of protection crusaders. They then seek refuge to Tibinim, because the stronger pressure from the Muslim troops, eventually taking the cross-party peace initiative. The talks produced an agreement in the year 1198 AD, that this war must be stopped for three years.

Fifth Crusade

Not yet reached three years, the Emperor Innocent III declared a crusade berkobarnya explicitly to five after a successful rnenyusun miliier strength. General Richard in England refused to join the army hard this cross, while the majority of other European rulers menyarnbut glad the war cry. On this occasion the troops cross that moves toward Syria suddenly they turned geiakannya towards Constantinople. Once in town, they massacred thousands of people a good roman men and women are ruthless and cruel. This massacre took place within a few days. So the Muslim troops did not suffer losses because it is not involved in this incident.

Sixth Crusade

In the year 613 AH / 1216 AD, Innocent III, the sixth crusade waged propaganda. 250 000 crusaders, the majority of Germany, landed in Syria. They were attacked by epidemic disease on the coast of Syria to the strength of troops remaining in part. They later moved to Egypt and then laid siege to the city Dimyat. Than 70,000 personnel, troops of the cross is reduced again to just 3000 troops in a series of outbreaks of disease resistance. Along this dengin, comes additional troops coming from France who moved to Cairo. Narnun Muslim troops in the attack constantly, they get so desperate and forced rnenempuh way of peace. Between the two a peace deal with the condition that the troops should immediately leave the city cross Dimyat.

Seventh Crusade

To overcome the internal political conflicts, Kamil Sultan held talks with a general work equally bernarna Frederick German. Frederick was willing to help rnenghadapi its enemies from among the Bani Ayyub own, so that Frederick was almost occupied and once ruled in Jerusalem. Jerusalem under the authority of the crusaders until the year 1244 AD, after which the power of the cross was taken by Malik al-Salih al-Ayyubi Najamuddi the assistance Khwarizmi Turkish troops who successfully meiarikan themselves from the rule of Genghis Khan.

Eighth Crusade

With the capture of the city Yerusalern by Malik al-Salih, re-arrange crusaders attacks on Islam territory. This time Louis IX, emperor of France, who led the troops cross the eighth. They landed at Dirnyat easily without resistance beranti. Because at the time of Sultan Malikal-Salih was suffering from a serious illness so that the Muslim army discipline declined. When the troops of Louis IX of moving towards Cairo through the Nile, they have difficulties because of the river reached its height, and they were also stricken by the plague, so the strength of the cross is easily destroyed by forces of Turan Shah, the son of Ayyub.
Upon expiration of this eighth crusade, Christian Crusaders, many times trying to avenge his defeat, but always failed.

As a result of the Crusades

Crusade that lasted more or less two centuries brought some very significant consequences for the travel history of the world. Crusade has become a hub for European nations to recognize the world in a more dekau Islam, which means the contact relationship between the west and east is getting closer. Contact this east-west link started the exchange of ideas between both regions. The progress of science and governance life of the community east of the "thrust forward into the intellectual growth of the western nations, namely European. This is a very big contribution and role in the renaissance era meahirkan in Europe.
Crusader is a spreader desire of Europeans in the field of trade and commerce of the eastern nations. During this time the western nations do not recognize the progress of the nation thought the east. So this crusade also brought a result of the investigation activities of the European nation on a variety of art and important knowledge and discoveries that teiah ditimur recognizable. For example, marine compass, windmills, etc., They are also investigating the farm system, and more importantly, they rnengenali eastern industrial systems that have been advanced. When he returned to his country, Europe, they then set up a marketing system product goods east. Western society has become more aware of how important these products. It makes sernakin rapid growth of trade activities between the east and west. This trading activity is growing rapidly in line with advances in ocean shipping center. However, the Muslims who originally controlled the ocean shipping lanes in the middle lose supremacy when the nations of Europe take the middle of the ocean shipping routes freely.

The collapse of the Abbasid

At that time, during the period of the crusades, the Muslim army commander and have shown their attitude is very charming and wise. They are full of patience in the fight and persevere in the defense, forgiving and knights.

Meanwhile, in conjunction with this period, the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad was hit by internal political conflict. Even when his power is threatened by the assault troops of the cross, they did not take care attitude. They just take it easy at the Baghdad palace lazy and wasteful. The pattern of life of the caliph that this was ongoing until Baghdad conquered by Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. Hulagu very easily destroy the city of Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph, namely al-Musta'sim. This event occurred in 1258 AD which marks the end of the Abbasid dynasty.